photorefrac-tion, and optical bistability, logic and computing). Today the line between materials and NLO processes has become fuzzy, particularly for newer NLO processes (e.g. Were very exciting but speculative, being technologically feasible only if new classes of materials could be developed The subject of materials in nonlinear optics (NLO) encompasses a wide range of important topics. With ring microresonator devices, active wavelength division multiplexing, optical network reconfiguration, and laser frequency tuning are straightforwardly accomplished. Conformal, flexible, and three-dimensional devices are also readily produced. An under-appreciated advantage of organic electro-optic materials is their processability, and a variety of stripline, cascaded prism and super-prism, and ring microresonator devices are readily fabricated. Moreover, robust and low optical loss materials can be fabricated by design. Owing to low and relatively dispersionless dielectric constants and refractive indicies, organic materials facilitate the fabrication of devices with 3 dB operational bandwidths of greater than 100 GHz. Such calculations also provide insight into what further improvements can be expected. Quantum and statistical mechanical calculations provide the basis for rational improvement of these parameters leading to electro-optic coefficients (at telecommunication wavelengths) of greater than 100 pm/V (a factor of 3 larger than values for the best inorganic material, lithium niobate).
The macroscopic electrooptic activity of organic materials depends upon the molecular hyperpolarizability, beta, of individual organic chromophores and upon the product of number density, N, and noncentrosymmetric order,
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